Key Issues Influencing Localization Commerce Essay

Key Issues Influencing Localization Commerce Essay The speed at which global business happens has expanded considerably and worldwide chiefs need to respond all the more rapidly to monetary, key and authoritative objectives than in the past as it is progressively expensive to commit errors today. The expense of turning around a choice because of the speed of universal business commits making such errors very exorbitant as while firms fix issues, contenders flood ahead. Normalization of MNCs is generally characterized as normalization of auxiliaries towards following in accordance with HQ rehearses. Fruitful chains, for example, Mc Donalds have normalized items and the executives rehearses over the world and simultaneously taking into consideration a nearby adjustment to the practices to suit neighborhood needs. Most MNCs normally restrict their showcasing, advancement and appropriation rehearses despite the fact that they have a worldwide promoting methodology. Coordination/responsiveness banter can't be settled by pronouncing one po sition increasingly significant that the other (Bartlett Goshal). To be really effective in the globalized world, MNC are required to adjust between the two. Worldwide organizations must conclude whether to deal with their auxiliaries dependent on nearby culture or to make them all in accordance with the worldwide normalization and choose which course is progressively successful and effective for them. MNCs have impressive points of interest contrasted with neighborhood based organizations as they have past understanding from home nations and administrative information and spread prescribed procedures around the globe (Martin Beaumont, 1998). Host nations anyway represent a few new factors that supervisors must consider to balance the impact of normalization (Quintanilla and Ferner, 2003). Changes in the vital direction of MNCs as reflected in expanded degrees of interdependencies between authoritative (sub-) units will consequently depend on IHRM to help accomplish this parity. HR the executives is viewed as the most touchy to neighborhood setting (Gooderham et al. 1999). Weights to embrace worldwide procedures require more significant level of worldwide intergration of key HRM - forms. Numerous MNCs have moved towards all the more profoundly coordinating these HRM rehearses however face opposition because of neighborhood culture, enactment and custom (Lindohlm et al. 1999). Various ways to deal with HRM in MNCs are firmly identified with global systems of the firm (Downling et a. 1999; Scullion 1999). For instance, organizations with an ethnocentric methodology award little capacity to their outside auxiliaries and key positions are satisfied with PNC nationals, i.e exiles. For instance, Eons key staff in Malaysia are satisfied by Japanese ostracizes. Then again organizations with polycentric approaches permit significant choices to be made by neighborhood representatives and key positions are held by nearby staff. This prompts increasingly restricted arra ngements in the HRM. Regiocentric and geocentric methodologies are comparable where key positions and arrangements are chosen by staff of a similar district or area. The key issue is the degree to which MNCs should take their worldwide combination (normalization) versus nearby responsiveness. Global administration is confused because of the measurements in question and the troublesome issues of procedure definition and execution. Global chiefs anyway need to recognize the open doors covered up in the complexities of such worldwide circumstances. This paper will be separated into two sections, the first looks at the key issues that impact the level of confinement. Also, the paper inspects worldwide techniques towards expanding worldwide normalization of HRM while adjusting limitation so as not to bargain nearby responsiveness. In the two sections, the paper will go inspect the job HRM plays towards accomplishing normalization and limitation. Thirdly, it will inspect circumstances of when best to move towards limitation as opposed to normalization and the other way around. 2.0 Key issues impacting confinement Particular neighborhood culture and inspiration for nearby representatives may not be like that of the nation of origin making it hard to apply comparable impetuses and anticipate a similar result. Hofstede portrayed national culture as the aggregate mental programming which recognizes one country from another. The issue is how much impact social contrasts would bring to the working environment. Various methodologies towards cooperation and individualistic societies, as per Hofstedes will make various arrangement focuses for supervisors to consider. A few societies are individualistic where functioning as an individual is more acknowledges though some are collectivist. Human asset the executives has perspectives that are legitimately and socially dictated by the host nation yet is as yet answerable for the system and usage plan (Stone, 2008). It in this way should figure out what kind of procedure would work in the host nation. For instance, in Hong Kong as a proportion of lessening staff turnover, HRM offered a $1000 increase towards a dental arrangement, thus the companys turnover diminished by 4% (Medland, 2004). While such a suggestion may not work across different nations, it demonstrates that supervisors should know about the various inspirations in various nations and why pay and work conditions ought not be normalized in MNCs. Exploration should be done to distinguish inspirations like the dental work conspire in Hong Kong. There are three alternate points of view for getting assorted variety: the social viewpoint, the institutional point of view and the system point of view (Evans et al. 2002). In the social viewpoint, people are refined through a socialization procedure where they ingrain qualities and convictions with which he uses to decipher the world otherwise called mental programming (Hofstede 1985). It is along these lines unseemly to take the executives rehearses created in one culture and apply them on another and anticipate similar outcomes (Hofstede, 1985). Social contrasts should be considered, as a portion of these practices may not be generally welcomed in the new auxiliary. Individuals from that auxiliary may see these sort of practices as strange and it may not be generally welcomed and lead to startling results impeding a subsidiarys execution. From the social point of view broad worldwide normalization of HRM-rehearses, won't be a simple fit between authoritative practices and the ne ighborhood culture. Be that as it may, the social viewpoint doesn't consider the capacity of individuals from various societies adjusting to outside practices (Evans et al. 2002). The institutional point of view takes a more extensive perspective on the national setting where it recognizes that the way to understanding business in an outside nation lies in the relationships between's budgetary, training, legitimate, financial, and political frameworks (Evans et al. 2002). The degrees to which MNCs can actualize their worldwide principles are intently attached to the idea of these establishments. For instance, the relative quality or shortcoming of these establishments in applying effect on the capacity of a MNC to import its own ways to deal with HRM. This is regularly the situation when MNCs attempt to place ostracizes in key positions leaving nearby staff in the more modest positions. Frequently these foundations will apply impact and move towards constraining MNCs to prepare or utilize staff to fill such positions. The system point of view shows that MNCs are not just impacted by the accepted practices and societies of their nation of origin yet additionally by industry principles (Evans et al. 2002). This impacts the measure of normalization ready to be executed by MNCs or powers them to give such normalization. The social and institutional point of view help distinguish the confinement needs inside the HRM-work; the system viewpoint recognizes the job of interorganizational arranges in characterizing the idea of businesses and authoritative practices. Key purposes behind a limitation approach inside HRM incorporate issues, for example, being receptive to the nearby specialists and establishments. Staying aware of popular assessment by giving advantages to the nearby masses, for example, openings for work and giving a more significant level of hierarchical duty among local people are likewise prime purposes behind restriction of HRM rehearses (Evans et al 2002). Be that as it may, there are frequently issues with this as finding appropriate competitors with the important abilities may demonstrate troublesome. For instance in China, a significant issue is the absence of reasonable applicants given a deficiency of finding mid-level and top-level administration. http://www.bizresearchpapers.com/17[1].Plessis.pdf 3.0 Global methodologies toward expanding worldwide normalization A significant issue that universal supervisors face is powers that require both neighborhood responsiveness and worldwide mix of auxiliaries with the general structure of a MNE. MNEs must discover approaches to consolidate their firm-explicit capacities with nearby information to make the best incentive to suit the neighborhood culture and its needs. A few auxiliaries have made a layer where they have been confined from the general structure of a MNE that it is probably not going to coordinate and offer information with different units of the MNE. This is especially the situation where auxiliaries have contended with one another for assets from central command which advance between unit contention (Fairclough and Boussebaa, 2010). MNes need to utilize the qualities of its inside system set up over its auxiliaries. Supervisors need to boost similarity among interior operators and boost coordination between its inward specialists. The test for universal administrators is to cultivate a feeling of coopetition between these auxiliaries and planning control structure to execute to encourage this relationship. Whenever planned erroneously, these structures can possibly make an irreconcilable situation in the auxiliary, making it center its assets to its own advantage instead of that of its parent compan

Effect of Pollution on Historical Monument Essay Example For Students

Impact of Pollution on Historical Monument Essay Contamination impacts are not restricted to the earth. The potential for harm to chronicled landmarks has just been figured it out. Some harm, for example, from wind or downpour, is unavoidable. Be that as it may, contamination contributes extra hazard factors that can expand the degree of obliteration. The impacts might be minor, for example, a darkening of the outside of landmarks because of residue. Different effects can have lasting outcomes. Importance 1. Contamination adversely impacts recorded landmarks and structures the world over, from the Acropolis in Greece to the Americas own Lincoln Memorial. The danger is in the danger of losing these essential structures until the end of time. Huge numbers of these landmarks have social and stylish worth that is priceless. Corrosive Rain 2. One of the more ruinous types of contamination is corrosive downpour. Corrosive downpour happens when petroleum derivative discharges containing sulfur dioxide consolidate with dampness noticeable all around to frame acidic precipitation. At the point when corrosive downpour falls on authentic landmarks of limestone or marble, a synthetic response happens which corrosively affects these structures. The response breaks up the material, prompting lasting harm. A worldwide temperature alteration 3. As per the National Climatic Data Center, worldwide temperatures have ascended during the previous century at a pace of 0. 11 degrees Fahrenheit for every decade. The worry with verifiable landmarks lies in the temperature impacts on the science. Warmth goes about as an impetus, speeding the pace of synthetic responses. The destiny of authentic landmarks turns out to be increasingly questionable, and the direness to make a move increments. A worldwide temperature alteration happens when ozone depleting substances, for example, carbon dioxide trap brilliant warmth at the earths surface, which makes temperatures rise. Contributing Factors 4. Different elements add to the pace of harm to verifiable landmarks. An expansion in mugginess gives the essential condition to destructive synthetic responses without downpour. In like manner, changes in sun radiation can briefly raise temperatures on the outside of landmarks, emulating the impacts of a dangerous atmospheric devation on a particular site. Avoidance/Solution 5. Luckily, the degrees of barometrical sulfur dioxide have declined as of late, relieving a few impacts of contamination on authentic landmarks. As per the U. S. Condition Protection Agency (EPA), the United States saw in excess of a 70-percent decrease in these levels from 1980 to 2008. Different arrangements, for example, restricting vehicle traffic close to recorded landmarks, may likewise reduce the effect of contamination. A recent report in the diary Science of The Total Environment found that such measures gave a prudent just as a solid method to reduce contamination on the Arch of Titus in Rome.

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week Who Conducted Your Business School Interview

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week Who Conducted Your Business School Interview Although quantifying a school’s profile certainly does not tell you everything, it can sometimes simplify the many differences among the various MBA programs. Each week, we bring you a chart to help you decide which of the schools’ strengths speak to you. During each admissions cycle, we at mbaMission conduct an optional survey with our clients about their business school interview processes. Last week, we began examining the results of our 2015â€"2016 admissions cycle survey and reported that the majority of our respondents had been interviewed on campus. This week, we take a closer look at the individuals who conducted the interviews. We learned that of the more than 200 applicants who completed our survey, the majority (76) wereâ€"perhaps surprisinglyâ€"interviewed by alumni. Interviews conducted by (typically second-year) students followed closely behind, at 74. And though one might expect  admissions officers to conduct most interviews, this arrangement was the third most common in our survey (69 respondents), while only three respondents met with undisclosed “other” interviewers. Share ThisTweet B-School Charts

Essay on Uses of the Human Genome Research Project

So what is a human genome and why is the government researching it? The Human genome is the sequence of roughly 20,000 genes that make up human Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), or the building blocks that tell cells what to do. The government project named Human Genome Project (HGP) started in 1990’s, and is trying to unravel the 3 billion chemical base pairs in a DNA strand (http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-science/genetics-molecular-medicine/current-topics/human-genome.shtml.) DNA is made up of phosphates, sugars and amino acids, Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine(C) and Guanine (G). Each amino acid is paired with its opposite, A is always paired with T and C with G. These pairing in a specific order make codes†¦show more content†¦So you could prevent a disease by early detection, environmental changes, or by use of vaccines (Walker, pg 46-47.) For example there is a study trying to prevent peanut allergies, by removing the allergy gene in th e peanuts. Thus there will not be anymore life threatening reactions to peanut consumption. This could mean that many people could get the protein in peanuts without adverse reactions (Fridell, pg 12.) The DNA sequence can be used in forensics, to solve crimes. DNA is left at the crime scene, in the form of dead skin, saliva, or hair and can be analyzed to identify the suspects. In some cases the evidence can convict or even free a suspect. Since DNA is unique it can help to convict criminals, and free innocent persons. This method is called DNA fingerprinting; just like fingerprints each person has unique DNA. When a person is arrested their DNA is taken and mapped. This map is then compared to the evidence and it can, in many cases, solve the crime. For example in the book â€Å"The Making of the Fittest† a 1996 murder trail was overturned. â€Å"In 1979 Dianna Green, nine months pregnant, was severely beaten and her unborn child died from the trauma. Even though she had amnesia and could not spell her name at trail, she testified that her husband, Kevin Green, had inflicted her injuries. Green was convicted of murder and attempted murder. In 1996 workersShow MoreRelatedQ uestions On Human Genome Project1470 Words   |  6 Pages Layan Kojan BIOL 1010 Assignment #3 - Option 2 The Human Genome Project Tuesday November 17, 2015 What makes one person differ from the other? Is it physical appearance, personality or mentality? These three factors separate each individual from one another and it is what makes them different. Physical appearance, personality and mentality are made up from the same building blocks which are known as DNA sequences. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), is a self replicatingRead MoreThe Human Genome Project1460 Words   |  6 PagesGene Essay Assignment: The Human Genome Project A genome is the complete DNA set of an organism. These DNA molecules are made up of two strands. Every strand is composed of four nucleotide bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Complementary strands are paired in certain ways. Cytosine always pairs with guanine and adenine always pairs with thymine. The human genome holds about 3 billion base pairs, found in the chromosomes. Each of the 46 chromosomes are composed of thousands of genesRead More The Human Genome Project Essay941 Words   |  4 Pages The Human Genome Project is a worldwide research effort with the goal of analyzing the structure of human DNA and determining the location of the estimated 100,000 human genes. The DNA of a set of model organisms will be studied to provide the information necessary for understanding the functioning of the human genome. The information gathered by the human genome project is expected to be the source book for biomedical science in the twenty-first century and will be of great value to the field ofRead MoreThe Human Genome Project : How They Impact Human Society916 Words   |  4 PagesThe Human Genome Project is possibly the most important project in the world. Several companies and governments are involved with this project. The project has many goals but the main general goal is: to construct a detailed genetic and physical map of the human Genome, to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of human DNA, to localize the estimated 50,000-100,000 genes within the human Genome, and to perform similar analyses on the Genomes of several other organisms used extensively in researchRead More The Human Genome Project and Patenting DNA Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe Human Genome Project: Patenting DNA The Human Genome Project is a global initiative to map the approximately 100,000 genes present in the genome of humans. Planning for the project was started in 1989 with a proposal submitted by the Office of Technology Assessment and the National Research Council. In 1990, the actual project began under the joint leadership of the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy. The goals of the project are as follows: Mapping and sequencingRead MoreThe Human Genome Sequencing Project And Was It Worth Doing?1275 Words   |  6 Pages What was the human genome sequencing project and was it worth doing? The HGP was a 13-year long project started in 1990 with the objective of determining the entire human euchromatic genome sequence. It was a public funded project and the goal was to complete the project within 15 years. Since its inception, the project had been met with scepticism from scientists and commoners alike. One significant doubt was whether the astounding expenditure of the project would outweigh the potential benefitsRead MoreYour Body is trying to Destroy You! Genetic Mapping Can Help Save You1302 Words   |  6 Pagesof the Human Genome Project was announced. It took the United States’, National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy only thirteen years to complete an analysis of three billion letters of the human genome. This is the most complete set of DNA of the human body. (RePORT) Due to the Human Genome Project and the efforts of the scientists at the National Human Genome Research Institute the understanding of the link between genes and disease has greatly increased. Before the project beganRead MoreHuman Genome Project Essay examples504 Words   |  3 PagesHuman Genome Project The Human Genome Project is an international project basically sponsored by the U.S Government. It started in October 1990 with an aim to sequence the entire human genome. The complete set of information present in the form of the genes in an organism forms its genome. Each human being has 23 pairs of chromosomes having DNA double helix in each. The Human Genome Project is a worldwide research effort with the goal of analyzing the structure of humanRead MoreThe Human Genome Project : An American Geneticist1244 Words   |  5 Pages THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT â€Æ' The human genome project has its origins in the mid-1980s, but its intellectual roots stretch back further. Alfred Sturtevant an American geneticist created the first Drosophila gene map in 1911. In 1953, Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the double helical structure of the DNA molecule. This discovery was the first crucial step in molecular genome analysis, and in much of the molecular biological research of the last half-century. In the mid-1970s, FrederickRead MoreThe Human Genome Project Is A Scientific Program1357 Words   |  6 PagesThe Human Genome Project was a scientific program aimed at getting to know all of the complementary sequence of base pairs that make up the human genome, containing approximately 30 thousand genes. The project began in 1990 and was originally planned to last 15 years, but rapid technology advances accelerated the completion date to 2003. (WJEC A2 Biology, 2012) says main aims of the project were to: †¢ Identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA. †¢ Determine the sequences of the

Gay Marriage May Anyone Marry Whom They Choose - 987 Words

Gay Marriage: Can Everyone Marry Who They Choose? If it wasn’t for one mom and one dad none of us would exist. Marriage is defined as â€Å"the social institution under which a man and woman establish their decision to live as husband and wife by legal commitments, religious ceremonies, etc† (marriage). Parents have the role to raise their children in love and teach them good values. â€Å"They note that violence among homosexual partners is two to three times more common than among married heterosexual couples, and homosexual partnerships are significantly more prone to dissolution than heterosexual marriages, with the average homosexual relationship lasting only two to three years† (Diggs). Children have the right to grow up in a home where†¦show more content†¦It is impossible for two homosexuals by themselves to procreate. No matter how hard they try they cannot succeed. Homosexuals want to have the same rights as heterosexuals in dealing with marria ge, legal rights, and the acceptance of society (Wedgewood 63). It is a known fact that insurance rates are lowered for married couples. This is something that homosexuals want to have just as well as heterosexuals. Homosexuals want to get married so that they can commit to their partner. â€Å"Rights such as the right to spousal support and (in the event of divorce or separation) to alimony and an equitable division of property reinforce the generally shared expectation that marriage involves a serious mutual commitment to long term economic and domestic partnership† (Wedgewood 63). Same sex marriage would not keep anyone from getting married normally; neither would it change what the definition of marriage is either. The argument over gay marriage is not some small subject. â€Å"either we win—or we lose the central meaning of marriage† (Gallagher 69). Some fallacies in the pro homosexual content are stereotyping that marriage is a place where having children is not only tolerated and encouraged because it gives children mothers and fathers (Gallagher 69). Homosexuality is not a small issue. It is something that pro-heterosexual marriage supporters have been fighting for some time. If society wants to take a stance on this it will have to come together as oneShow MoreRelatedMarriage For All From The 1990 s Until Now1324 Words   |  6 PagesMr. Washington December 8, 2014 Marriage for All From the 1990’s until now, gay marriage has gained an extensive amount of popularity. Gay marriage is marriage between two men or two women. However there is controversy between two parties, the gay activist groups who are fighting for their constitutional rights and religious people who are fighting for proposition 8 to pass. The question to ask is denying the right of a homosexual man or woman to marry unconstitutional? Homosexuality in manyRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On Children And The Parents929 Words   |  4 PagesMarriage is a vow taken by two people who have chosen to spend the rest of their lives together. The decision to divorce was created to be able to release on spouse out of the relationship when the other broke their vows at a high enough offense. After the laws of divorce became much easier, the rates of divorce became a lot higher as well. If the laws to divorce became more difficult, the levels of divorce wouldn t be as high and many would think a more before entering into marriage so quicklyRead MoreAdvantages of Same Sex Marriage1678 Words   |  7 PagesAdvantages of Same Sex Marriage 1. Denying them is a violation of religious freedom (civil and religious marriages are two separate institutions). The main reason for denying marriage to gay couples is that all major religions consider homosexuality a sin; however, the First Amendment of the Constitution clearly states that a persons religious views or lack thereof must be protected. Marriage by the state is a secular activity; the government cannot start making laws just because a religion saysRead MoreWhy Same Sex Marriage Is Morally Right And Should Be Legally Recognized1648 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is marriage about? Who is marriage for? What are some of the complications with marriages in today’s society? How does religion plays a major part in marriage? According to Toby L. Ditz, â€Å"Marriage laws have historically withheld and continue to withhold the right to marry and the legal privileges associated with marriage from whole classes of people: slaves, interracial couples, and gay partners (Ditz, 2001,500)†. The way marriage is viewed in this newer generation differs significantly fromRead MoreEssay on Marriage Equailty for the LGBT Community1554 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s society, the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) community has been more accepted then in years prior, especially in the 1960’s and years prior to that, when anyone in the LGBT community would be horribly ridiculed, if not tortured. However, there still lies a long road for the LGBT community, as it pertains to human rights, equality, and particularly, marriage equality. Each individual has their own perception on marriage equality, whether it is based on moral basis, or onRead MoreMy Opinions On Same Sex Marriage Debate1632 Words   |  7 PagesMy Opinions In The Same-Sex Marriage Debate (First Year Composition Essay 2/6) By Wesley Whitley Same-Sex marriage has been a huge topic in recent days, weeks, months, and years. One by one numerous countries and states have realized that the right to marry is exactly that a RIGHT! But still so many fight against it through reasons of religion, fear of the unknown, or just to be hateful. Left and right they’ve tried every way possible to keep loving couples (some with children, either adoptedRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1855 Words   |  8 Pagesgovernment? Years ago, homosexuality was unacceptable. Most that were gay hid it from others and did not act upon it. In the United States, same-sex couples are denied legal marriage. Gay marriage in the United States is a big conflict nowadays and we as the people have to do something to fix it. We need to fight for equal rights guaranteeing marriage rights to same sex couples.The fight for the allowance of same-sex marriages has been a long process, and just recently the issue is coming more intoRead MoreFamily Divers ity2452 Words   |  10 PagesDiversity In Families According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, A family consists of a domestic group of people (or a number of domestic groups), typically affiliated by birth or marriage, or by comparable legal relationships-including domestic partnership, adoption, surname and (in some cases) ownership. Although many people (including social scientists) have understood familial relationships in the terms of blood, many anthropologists have argued that one must understand the notion ofRead MoreSummary : Lgbtq Rights 925 Words   |  4 Pagesthink that just because gay marriage was legalized that they also got equal. Some issues that the LGBTQA community faces is that they do not have any anti-discrimination laws. People should at least try not to be less hateful and be a little more informed. There is hate for the LGBTQ community all over the world and there is not a lot of people that are known to be part of the community. It is really important to acknowledge these people because they are human just like anyone else. We see the LGBTQARead MoreWhy Same Sex Couples Should Be Allowed to Legally Marry1936 Words   |  8 PagesShould be Allowed to Legally Marry All men were created equal. It is for this reason that gays have the same rights when it comes to housing, jobs, protection under the law, and so on, despite their difference in sexual preference. Well then, if gays have the same rights as heterosexual men and women, why can they not be legally married in the U.S? That is the question that half our country should be asking themselves, since 50% of U.S citizens oppose gay marriage. However, extraordinarily

Software Architecture in Banking - 8917 Words

CSSE 377 – Software Architecture Design II Software Architecture in Banking A Comparative Paper on the Effectiveness of Different Software Architectures Within an Financial Banking System JD Hill Andrew Robby Kruth Joe Salisbury Sam Varga 11/9/2010 Introduction Software architecture design is an important aspect of our daily lives whether we know it or not. There are so many different systems that we interact with on a daily basis that we do not recognize are closely tied to software architecture decisions. These systems handle things from stoplights, electricity, televisions, communications, and many other things. Another example of a software system involved with our life is a system that powers banks and financial networks†¦show more content†¦With security being a big issue, we will want to make sure that the architecture document shows the necessary aspects that make the system secure. This could be encryption algorithms or specially designed components that make security breaches less likely. For the modifiability of the system, we will want to have a component catalog that goes through each aspect of the system and outlines what its functionality is. Within this document, we will also want to see the types of feature that co uld possibly be added to the system and where they would recommend additional components be built on. Figure 2: A Flow Chart of how criteria turns into architectural decisions and documentation Database-Driven Architecture One of the most prominent software architecture design strategies is a repositorybased system. There are two different parts of repository based that we will look at: Blackboard architecture and Database-driven. Both of these styles have some common aspects, but also differ somewhat. The main component of each system is based on a central data structure. This data structure can interact with other aspects of the system. Also, the composition of these systems allows there to be independent computational elements. This can allow several different processes to run at a timeShow MoreRelatedWorld s First Oracle Platinum Partner1320 Words   |  6 Pagessolutions that enable banks to further leverage their existing banking IT investment. Our Solution Centre helps increase operational efficiency, reduce costs and optimize asset utilization. With delivery and development centers in India, sizable global presence and customers spread across 5 continents, JMR is a leader in banking, financial services and insurance software and software-related services. Their leadership in the Banking, Financial Services and Insurance in IT market is backed by betterRead MoreImplementing Enterprise Architecture For A Private Bank917 Words   |  4 PagesProject Environment: This paper presents a project on implementing Enterprise Architecture for a Private bank to introduce a Mobile Application. The idea of creating an application is taken from United State banks and their applications which helps their customers to access their accounts on their mobile devices and manage their accounts, activity on it. This project deals with bank’s IT department and management to implement this idea of creating an application. This bank has been selected on theRead MoreCloud Computing As An Architectural Idea Essay1116 Words   |  5 PagesCloud Computing is NOT SaaS (Software As A Service). I m making this point because some commentators have been equating these two ideas as if they were identical. SaaS is healthy terminology. SaaS is out-hosted software that you can access directly. Although you might not think of it as such, your electronic banking capability is SaaS - you just don t pay for it directly. As such electronic banking is no different to Zoho or Google Apps. However, electronic banking is definitely not Cloud ComputingRead MoreImportance Of IT757 Words   |  4 Pagesand use of computer systems, its software, and networks for the processing and distribution of data. â€Å"IT† includes hardware and software both together used to perform required functions. All electronic devises which record and store information comes under IT. IT can also refer to the methods, mechanisms and principles of usage and storage of data. Business applications include database, email and also web servers like Microsoft IIS or Apache. 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Software as a service or the SaaS : Cloud platforms that allow the clients to access several software modules and databases that are installed on the platform itself, are considered to use the SaaS model (He, Fan and Li 2013). c. Platform as a service or the PaaS: Such services allow the clients to utilize developmental environments to design software applications. 3. Case study: Commonwealth Bank of Australia 3.1 BackgroundRead MoreInformation System Used in Financial Institutions2863 Words   |  12 Pages2010 Information Systems for Managers Financial Accounting Information Systems Banking Financial Services This report gives an insight into the Finance Accounting Information Systems used in the sector of Banking Financial Services. With respect to the same, the report also gives an idea into the systems in general, as also with respect to the State Bank of India. Finally, it ends with giving the conclusion regarding the use of these information systems. 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Other interested parties for this document can be software developers of the ATM system. 1.2 Scope ATM is a safety-critical and real-time system and is part of a large banking network. The ATM is supposedRead MoreThe Banking Industry And Cloud Computing Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesThe Banking Industry and Cloud Computing Banks are facing increased pressure to streamline their current processes and trim operating costs, while also responding to more demanding, digitally connected customers (Adams, 2012). Many banks are even looking at new technologies and IT delivery models such as cloud computing to help address these issues. Banks have many reasons to like the cloud, such as cost efficiency, standardization and consistency (Dragon, 2013). Banks are embracing the cloud more

Does The Goverment Has The Right To free essay sample

Censor The Internet? Essay, Research Paper Subject: Computer Science Titile: Does The Government Have The Right To Ban The Internet? The Internet is a method of communicating and a beginning of information that is going popular among those who are interested in the information expressway. The job with this universe we know as Internet, the # 8216 ; Net, or the Web is that some of this information, including pornographical stuff and hatred literature, is being accessible to bush leagues. Did you know that 83.5 % of the images available on the Internet are pornographical? Did you know that the Internet # 8217 ; s erotica and hatred literature are available to funny kids that happen to knock into them? One of the pulling characteristics of the immature Internet was its freedom. It # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; # 8230 ; a rare illustration of a true, modern, functional lawlessness # 8230 ; there are no official censors, no foremans, no board of managers, no shareholders # 8221 ; ( Sterling ) . It # 8217 ; s an unfastened forum where anyone can state anything, and the merely thing keeping them back is their ain scruples. This lawless atmosphere bothered many people, including Nebraska Senator James Exon. Exon proposed in July, 1994 that an amendment be added to the Telecommunications Reform Bill to modulate content on the Internet. His proposal was rejected at the clip, but after continuity and increased support, his proposal evolved into the Communications Decency Act ( CDA ) , portion of the 1996 Telecommunications Reform Act The Internet has changed the universe by making advertisement, information, and concerns. However, there are the few bad apples in the Internet that have information, literature, artworks and images that have been deemed inappropriate for bush leagues. Therefore, many people feel the Internet should be censored by the Government. The Government owns and operates the Internet and its bureaus are responsible for what is on the Internet. However, for the parents with bush leagues that are concerned about what their childs see- they should travel out and acquire package to ban the Internet. Don # 8217 ; t destroy everyone else # 8217 ; s merriment. Why should I hold to be a provincial of the Government dictatorship over the Internet? The people that worry about their childs and do the Government concern about it and pass statute law on censoring are the people that are excessively damn lazy to purchase Internet Censoring package plans for their PERSONAL computing machines, NOT the full United States # 8217 ; . The Government wants censoring, but a section of the Internet # 8217 ; s population does non. The Communications Decency Act is an amendment which prevents the information expressway from going a computing machine # 8220 ; ruddy visible radiation district. # 8221 ; Thursday, February 1, 1996, was known as # 8220 ; Black Thursday # 8221 ; on the Internet when Congress passed ( House 414-9, Senate 91-5 ) into statute law the Telecommunication Reform Bill, and attached to it the Communications Decency Act. It was so signed into jurisprudence by President Clinton one hebdomad subsequently on Thursday, February 8, 1996 known as the # 8220 ; Day of Protest # 8221 ; when the Internet at the same time went black from 100s of 1000s of Internet citizens turning their web pages black in protest of the Communications Decency Act. The Communications Decency Act which is supposed to protect bush leagues from accessing controversial or sexually expressed stuff, criminal # 8220 ; obscene # 8230 ; # 8221 ; , which already is a offense, and hence the CDA is non needed, but besides # 8220 ; # 8230 ; lewd, lewd, foul, or indecent # 8221 ; , and even # 8220 ; raging # 8221 ; # 8220 ; # 8230 ; remark [ s ] , petition [ s ] , suggestion [ s ] , proposal [ s ] , image [ s ] , or other communicating # 8220 ; utilizing a # 8220 ; # 8230 ; telecommunications device # 8221 ; all of which are protected by the First Amendment and hence can non be banned. The Act is besides unconstitutional because it does non follow the Supreme Court # 8217 ; s determination in Sable Communications Vs. FCC. necessitating that limitations on address use the # 8220 ; least restrictive agencies # 8221 ; possible. The Court besides stated that limitations on indecency can non hold the consequence of # 8220 ; reduc [ ing ] the grownup population to merely what is fit for children. # 8221 ; We start with the federal Communications Decency Act of 1996, a controversial piece of statute law signed into jurisprudence by President Clinton on February 8, 1996, and now under legal challenge by the American Civil Autonomies Union and others. The Communications Decency Act bans the communicating of # 8220 ; obscene or indecorous # 8221 ; stuff via the Internet to anyone under 18 old ages of age. ( Telecommunications Act of 1996, Section 502, 47 U.S.C. Section 223 [ a ] . ) We all know that this new jurisprudence resulted from a complex engagement of political forces in an election twelvemonth during which household values will go on widely to be extolled. But, is this portion of the new federal jurisprudence legal? All of us have heard of the First Amendment to the United States Fundamental law. It states in pertinent portion that # 8220 ; Congress shall do no jurisprudence. . . foreshortening the freedom of address. . . . # 8221 ; If those words are to be read literally, so the knee-jerk reply would be that this new jurisprudence is illegal. But, the First Amendment, while historically read reasonably loosely, has neer been interpreted literally. Even Thomas Jefferson, when he served as President, tried to prosecute behavior that he viewed as incendiary address. The U.S. Supreme Court besides systematically has ruled that erotica and lewdness autumn outside the First Amendment, along with a assortment of other looking # 8220 ; speech. # 8221 ; At the same clip, grownup behavior which includes sexually oriented behavior that some ( possibly even arguably a bulk ) might see immoral has been considered protected by the First Amendment when it takes topographic point in a private scene. Possibly the outmost range of that theory of constitutional # 8220 ; privateness # 8221 ; manifested itself in # 8220 ; Roe v. Wade # 8221 ; and the right to an abortion ( itself now a controversial proposition ) . Surely, though, it can be said, Internet surfboarders who find # 8220 ; indecent # 8221 ; stuff ( whatever that is ) as a consequence of their enquiries from place ( or the office ) autumn good within the outer range that Roe demarcated? Or is that true? Then, we come to the inquiry of # 8220 ; kids, † the declared aim of the new Congressional prohibition. Anyone who watches the intelligence or reads newspapers knows that the tribunals often hold that authorities can lawfully attempt to protect the wellbeing of kids. At the same clip, how parents rise up their kids has by and large been left to the parents, although possibly because of publicised parental oversights more governmental activism seems to be in that sphere excessively. But it seems just to state that few parents, irrespective of their political or spiritual positions, would hold that the federal authorities should mediate in how they raise their ain kids. In general, parents have entree to a wider assortment of Internet entree controls than controls over overseas telegram telecasting or the films. Additionally, most kids who live in environments in which their parent slack entree to Internet protection probably besides lack the resources to get computing machine engineering and Internet entree. Is Congress irrupting into the parental sphere in censoring # 8220 ; indecent # 8221 ; Internet communications? Continuing farther, the tribunals have by and large given the federal authorities broad latitude to command what can be said or shown over the commercial telecasting # 8220 ; airways. # 8221 ; We have all likely heard of the FCC # 8217 ; s prohibition of # 8220 ; indecent # 8221 ; address and the # 8220 ; seven dirty words # 8221 ; of George Carlin or the jokes of Howard Stern. But, the commercial telecasting airwaves flow about inexorably into everyone # 8217 ; s place, with little more attempt than the flick of a dial. The Internet is something that most of us must purchase entree to and which we so choose to surf on our ain. And does the authorities truly have the right to state parents what books and magazines they can allow their kids read at place or what telecasting plans or gesture images they should allow their kids watch? If the reply is, # 8220 ; yes, # 8221 ; so how much stretching does it take to widen authorities control so as to embrace impressions of societal or philosophical or spiritual tuition? A complex legal and social job so! To recap, if the Internet is kindred to commercial web telecasting and if the authorities can constitutionally curtail the bill of fare of offerings at that place, so why non the Internet? But, the Internet is different, in tonss of ways. And, what does # 8220 ; indecent # 8221 ; intend anyhow? # 8220 ; Pornography # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; lewdness # 8221 ; are hard adequate constructs in their ain right. Justice Potter Stewart of the United States Supreme Court wrote in 1964: # 8220 ; possibly I could neer win in clearly # 8221 ; explicating what it is. # 8220 ; But I know it when I see it # 8221 ; . # 8220 ; Indecent, # 8221 ; whatever that means ( Congress itself did non specify the term ) must certainly be something less violative than # 8220 ; obscenity. # 8221 ; Is it merely, just or even wise to punish person from doing available information which some would label # 8220 ; indecent # 8221 ; but which few of us can even specify? These are among the issues that the tribunals must make up ones mind in governing on the legality of the Communications Decency Act of 1996. Lone clip will state the result. At least, though, the tribunals are non rather as instantly influenced by current political tendencies as legislators and their concluding determinations may be less emotionally passionate and more deliberative. We have the engineering today to filtrate entree to users on synergistic media. One simple manner to is to set information in the heading describing the information that is contained in the transmittal. There would be criterions for how the information would be described. The application used to have the transmittal can be set to test the unwanted transmittal based on the information in the heading. The scenes can be protected by watchwords. Using this engineering the user would exercising control of the information available on synergistic media alternatively of the authorities or web operators. The CDA criminalizes # 8220 ; knowingly convey [ ing ] or Maktab al-Khidmat [ ing ] available # 8221 ; information on synergistic media that can be accessed merely as easy by inquiring the isles of a book shop. It besides criminalizes # 8220 ; indecent # 8221 ; address that is transmitted electronically between two accepting grownups. i.e. Email. The penalty for such a # 8220 ; offense # 8221 ; can be up to 2 old ages in prison and/or a $ 250,000 mulct. The Communications Decency Act is unconstitutional by censoring address that is protected by the First Amendment in a medium in which the user is giving the ability to choose what he or she does or does non desire to receive. THE GOVERNMENT GIVES CITIZENS THE PRIVILEGE OF USING THE INTERNET, BUT IT HAS NEVER GIVEN THEM THE RIGHT TO USE IT. If we have a # 8220 ; Constitution # 8221 ; and, purportedly, a # 8220 ; First Amendment # 8221 ; why is the Government utilizing statute law to halt us from showing ourselves? We seem to be a dry and paradox state. We didn # 8217 ; t want to be the foremost to utilize atomic arms and the atomic bomb, but were the first and, so far to present twenty-four hours, the last to utilize them. Mentions: American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language-Definition of Censoring: ( May 30, 1997 ) . A Brief and Idiosyncratic History of Censorship-by Robert Atkins: ( May 30, 1997 ) . Center for Democracy and Technology-Trial bulletin for CIEC # 8217 ; s case: ( May 30, 1997 ) . # 8220 ; The Complaint # 8221 ; -CIEC-Current Lawsuit information: ( May 30, 1997 ) . Net Censoring Crisis: From DC to Cyberspace-By Cate C. Corcoran from Hotwired: ( May 30, 1997 ) . Internet Censorship FAQ-By Jonathan Wallace and Mark Mangan: ( May 30, 1997 ) . Latest Developments on Internet Censorship-EPIC organisation: ( May 30, 1997 ) . Signing Away Free Speech-By Todd Lappin from Wired magazine: ( May 30, 1997 ) . Jefferson, Thomas. # 8220 ; Bill Of Rights. # 8221 ; from The Constitution of the United States. ( May 30, 1997 ) . Sterling, Bruce. # 8220 ; Short History of the Internet. # 8221 ; From The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, February 1993. ( May 30, 1997 ) . King, Stephen. # 8220 ; Censorship on the Internet: an synergistic essay by Stephan King # 8221 ; ( May 30, 1997 ) .

Multicultural Teams and Their Leadership

Introduction As a result of globalization, many organizations are employing people from different countries in order to pool resources and boost their operational efficiency. However, documented literature indicates that having a culturally diverse team presents numerous challenges based on language differences, communication issues, different working techniques and conflict resolution mechanisms (Gibson Vermeulen, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Multicultural Teams and Their Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If not addressed efficiently, these challenges may lead to process and coordination inefficiencies. This paper shall provide solutions to five problems a multicultural team may face as it tries to open and run a shop in Zurich. Cultural Diversity: A Brief Overview Cultural diversity refers to a situation whereby members of given group have different beliefs, ethnicity, languages an d attitudes. Hankin (2005), states that there are negative and positive consequences that may arise from a culturally diverse team. For example, a multicultural team has different experience levels, skills and attitudes that may help organizations tackle numerous challenges in international business (Hankin, 2005). However, differences between members may lead to increased conflicts, miscommunications and confusions leading to low productivity due to process and coordination inadequacies. As such, understanding and acknowledging cultural diversity may help teams create a more efficient group process. Challenges in Multicultural Teams Early and Mosakowski (2004) assert that the cultural orientation of an individual affects the level of tolerance for uncertainty he/she can handle. For example, people from individualistic or low-context cultures prefer to confront conflicts directly, while those from collectivistic or high-context cultures adopt an indirect approach to conflict resolut ion. The high-context culture and low-context culture concepts shall be used to identify the problems a multicultural team might face while trying to run a business in Zurich.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Norms for problem solving and decision making US, Germany and Australia are considered as individualistic societies. As such, a majority of the people that belong to such societies focus their attention on individual goals rather than those of a team. On the other hand, Italians adopt a collectivist approach, in which the needs of the group have more weight than those of an individual. This difference in personality may cause a big problem when it comes to making quick decisions regarding the business. For example, individualistic people within the team will do what they think is best for the business while those from collectivistic cultures will prefer to discu ss and come up with a solution that is acceptable to all members. As such, decision making and conflict resolution within this team will be difficult because members apply different approaches when handling such issues. Communication challenges Efficient communication is very important in any business endeavor. However, different cultures use varied communication styles. As such, miscommunication in a culturally diverse group is likely to occur due to language barriers, accents and communication styles (direct or indirect communication). In this case, accents may be the main challenge faced by the members of the team. For example, English spoken by the Germans and Italians may not be clearly understood by the Americans and Swiss and vice versa. As such, it may be difficult to communicate effectively therefore leading to conflicts arising from such miscommunications and misunderstandings. Prejudice and stereotyping This challenge is very common in multicultural settings. In most case s, different cultures have varied opinions about other cultures. For example, Italians and Germans perceive Americans as disrespectful, talkative and egocentric. On the other hand, Americans and Australians may view the Italians and Germans as proud, lazy and less intelligent. With such stereotypes, fair delegation of duties and teamwork may be difficult because each member believes that his/her culture is more superior than that of fellow members.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Multicultural Teams and Their Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Time, urgency and pace orientation According to Hogan (2007), different cultures view time differently. For example, individualistic cultures like keeping time, working with schedules and deadlines, and tackling one task at a time. On the other hand, collectivistic cultures view time holistically. As such, they like taking their time and doing things as t hey come without restrictions. In this team, this will be challenging because the Italians may be viewed as slow workers. Attitude towards work In this regard, the challenge may arise from the different perspectives members have about acceptable work etiquette. According to Hankin (2005), nations have different work norms and behaviors. As such, members of a culturally diverse team may have different descriptions of personal time and work time. Individualistic cultures have the ability to separate personal time from work time. When at work, Americans, Germans and Australians tend to do what they are supposed to do and try as much as possible to minimizing personal or social disruptions. On the other hand, Italians tend to be social while working and may even sacrifice work time so that they can deal with personal matters. As such, this team may face a difficult task of determining and separating personal and work time. Management of multicultural challenges According to Hogan (2007) , challenges emanating from cultural diversity can only be solved if a culturally diverse workforce learns to tolerate each other and focus on attaining the set organizational goals. In this case, the members of this multicultural team should acknowledge their differences and come up with an organizational culture that fosters cooperation, effective communication and fairness among team members. Similarly, Hecht-El Minshawi and Berninghausen (2009) suggest that members of a culturally diverse team should understand the existing barriers that may affect the efficiency of the group process. With this in mind, this team should develop procedures for decision making, conflict resolution and work etiquette. Implementation of such procedures and policies play a pivotal role towards addressing the challenges arising from work attitudes, time orientation and communication barriers. Conclusion Cultural diversity in workplace settings presents numerous challenges for managers. If not addresse d these challenges may lead to the failure of businesses. As such, people should try to be multiculturally competent in order to facilitate teamwork and cooperation in a multicultural work environment.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Early, P., Mosakowski, E. (2004). Cultural intelligence. Harvard Business Review, 82(10): 151 – 157. Gibson, C., Vermeulen, F. (2003). A healthy divide: Subgroups as a stimulus for team learning behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(12): 202 – 239. Hankin, H. (2005). The new workforce: Five sweeping trends that will shape your company’s future. Chicago: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn Hecht-El Minshawi, B., Berninghausen, J. (2009). Intercultural Competence – Managing Cultural Diversity: Training Handbook. New York: Kellner Klaus. Hogan, M. (2007). The four skills of cultural diversity competence: a process for understanding and practice. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. This research paper on Multicultural Teams and Their Leadership was written and submitted by user Emmett Hewitt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Guide to Masters and Doctoral Comprehensive Exams

A Guide to Masters and Doctoral Comprehensive Exams Graduate students take two sets of comprehensive exams, both masters and doctoral. Yes, it sounds scary. Comprehensive examinations, known as comps, are a source of anxiety for most graduate students. What Is a Comprehensive Examination? A comprehensive examination is just what it sounds like. It is a test that covers a broad base of material. It assesses the students knowledge and capacities to earn a given graduate degree. The exact content varies by graduate program and by degree: masters and doctoral comprehensive exams have similarities but differ in detail, depth, and expectations. Depending on the graduate program and degree, comps could test course knowledge, knowledge of your proposed research area, and general knowledge in the field. This is especially true of doctoral students, who must be prepared to discuss the field at a professional level, citing material from coursework but also classic and current references. When Do You Take Comps? Comps are generally given toward the end of coursework or afterward as a way to determine how well a student is able to synthesize the material, solve problems, and think like a professional. Passing a comprehensive exam lets you move to the next level of study. What Is the Format? Masters and doctoral exams often are written exams, sometimes oral, and sometimes both written and oral. Exams are usually administered in one or more long test periods. For example, in one program written doctoral comprehensive exams are given in two blocks that are each eight hours long on consecutive days. Another program administers a written comp exam to masters students in one period that lasts five hours. Oral exams are more common in doctoral comps, but there are no hard and fast rules. What Is the Masters Comp Exam? Not all masters programs offer or require that students complete comprehensive exams. Some programs require a passing score on a comprehensive exam for entry to the thesis. Other programs use comprehensive exams in place of a thesis. Some programs give students a choice of completing either a comprehensive exam or a thesis. In most cases, masters students are given guidance on what to study. It might be specific lists of readings or sample questions from previous exams. Masters comprehensive exams are generally given to an entire class at once. What Is the Doctoral Comp Exam? Virtually all doctoral programs require that students complete doctoral comps. The exam is the gateway to the dissertation. After passing the comprehensive exam a student can use the title doctoral candidate, which is a label for students who have entered the dissertation phase of doctoral work, the final hurdle to the doctoral degree. Doctoral students often receive much less guidance on how to prepare for comps as compared with masters students. They might get long reading lists, some sample questions from previous exams, and instructions to be familiar with articles published over the past few years in the prominent journals in their field. What If You Dont Pass Your Comps? Graduate students who are unable to pass a programs comprehensive exam are weeded from the graduate program and cannot complete the degree. Graduate programs often allow a student who fails the comprehensive exam another chance to pass. However, most programs send students packing after two failing grades.

Information system Development (Bluetooth) Essay

Information system Development (Bluetooth) - Essay Example According to Flint, Karvinen, McKnight, & Tee (2008) the Bluetooth is a new and modern type of technology in the telecommunications sector. This new technology allows connecting wirelessly to the computers, mobile phones and personal digital assistants or PDAs. This wireless connection allows easily interconnection by a short-range wireless link. In this way we can transfer data within short distance with high data rate. By means of this technology, users of wireless technology, cellular phones, PDAs can purchase a 3in1 mobile phone that is able to offer facility of portability at the office or home. It also presents the capability to obtain rapidly synchronized information in a notebook or desktop computer. At the present, this technology implementation at business sector facilitates in sending or receiving a fax, virtual business meeting, working collaboration, initiate a print-out and also the facility of the fixed computer devices complete coordinated. Examples of these devices c onsist of desktop computers, handheld computers, PDAs, smart phones, notebook computers, handsets, microphones, digital cameras, fax machines, and printers. Windows XP contains built-in Bluetooth facility that helps users without problems to configure Bluetooth communications (Flint, Karvinen, McKnight, & Tee, 2008) and (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). According to (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005, p. 476), Bluetooth technology utilizes short-range radio waves for the communication between two Bluetooth devices. The speed of the data transfer between devices is approximately 1Mb/sec. To communicate with each other, the distance between Bluetooth devices must be about 10 meters (which is equal to 33 feet) however it can be expanded to 100 meters using extra equipment. A Bluetooth device comprises a tiny chip that permits it to transfer data to other Bluetooth devices (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). A Bluetooth technology chip takes the

The buccaneer journal of Dampier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The buccaneer journal of Dampier - Essay Example The text was published in the name of â€Å"A New Voyage Round the world†. William Dampier has a unique regard as well: he circumnavigated the earth thrice in his life (Dampier). In the underlying text which was published in 1700, William Dampier expressed about nature and romance in the context of deep sea and oceans. He titled his work as a composition of mixed relations among places and actions (Pirates & Privateers). It was a strange phenomenon of the time which was unbelievable to be curtained that it could be published even being a very scholastic and romantic piece of writing describing nature of piracy or buccaneering. The former buccaneers were the hunters who resided at Hispaniola and Caribbean. At the time of William Dampier, he encountered with the buccaneers who were formerly log wood cutters. He found them when he got a job to bring logwood to London via boat (Dampier). During his travel for working, he was used to spend his time in search and exploration of several aspects of natural, plants and animals. As he used to surround around the deep blue sea, so his most concern was water related nature. He wrote a number of valuable daily records in his journal which afterwards came in to being as a book named â€Å"A new voyage round the world†. Dampier was so happy that he could form his fortune with the work through which he could earn as well as he could spend a plenty of time in non work activities like nature exploration. But meanwhile a storm came around all the way and caused huge damages. It forced Dampier to take accompany with some privateers. Throughout his text of new voyage, William Dampier has referred to a term named as privateers. But in fact these privateers were the real buccaneers or pirates. Dampier spent over a year with those privateers (in real pirates). He wrote details of only one attack of those buccaneers. They were caught on that raid but they however managed the escape from

Pre Industrial England 1450-1750

Pre Industrial England 1450-1750 Pre-industrial England was a period that laid the foundation for the industrial revolution. Its too vast with numerous changes that may seem to contradict itself if confined to a single definition. In the early beginnings of the period, the ratio of population to land was low, with small rural communities heavily engaged in agriculture. Markets were imperfect, along with simple/sluggish technology mostly because, the pre-industrial man was unaccustomed to innovation or simply did not see the need for cost reducing innovations. The method of production was mostly labor intensive with little capital equipment if any at all. The description thus far is fitting for the period 1450-1650. During this period population growth fluctuated widely, mostly because of famines and diseases. It is worthy to note that the family was the foundation of the home economy and in aggregation the essence of the pre-industrialized economy. The family structure was the source of knowledge, wealth and in many cases legitimacy (particularly in the case of women). During this age, England was a pyramid of status. Ownership of land was the materialization of status and the quickest way to political leverage. This set in motion the incentive for development: the desire to acquire more land through the plouging back of profits into the purchase of land. It was during this time that the concept of RENT was developed. Though the industrial revolution started in Britain, during the period 1450-1650 England was behind its continental counterparts in almost every economic respect. Though population growth fluctuated, it had an upward trend; unfortunately the primitive economy was unable to absorb this surplus labor. Consequently, pre-industrial Britain was plagued with unemployment and underemployment. As if the latter was not bad enough, high mortality rates forced a young population to work and an overwhelming climate of beggars and vagabonds emerged. One interesting way the economy sought to absorb the excess labor was through the immigrations of this surplus to cities e.g. London. Europe had long been competing among itself for new markets and raw materials. This led to the beginning of colonialization and the discovery of new lands. Britain had long been and persisted to be an exporter of mostly raw materials. Before boats and new trading routes were invented and discovered, trading was problematic and capital accumulation was down right impossible. The medium of exchange was poorly defined and barter proved to be complex because of the double coincidence of wants. In the mid 15th century, there was an evident shift in the export of raw materials to manufactured goods, mostly the export of cloth. (refer to Fig 1 p 50) Very quickly cloth export accounted for 2/3 of all exports, most of which were destined for colonial territories and Low Countries. In light of this positive change, England was still largely a primary product producer, as such; they had a high import dependency on continental Europe. Through immigration, England was able to import new skills and techniques and in some cases capital. While England began to harness the power of this intake, there was a discovery of gold in South America. This made capital accumulation a little less difficult and further fueled trade. Though industrial jobs were seasonal because productive activities were predominantly dependant on the seasonality of crops, glimpses of urbanization could be seen. Artisans and craftsmen were the first manufacturers who often worked with just an apprentice; their capital formation was small, nevertheless, growing. The location of industries were dependent on the labor supply and occupations of all nature started to emerge and change continually as taste, fads and fashion change. In the book, the economy of England 1450-1750 by D.C. Coleman: England was described as having habit of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦borrowing and improving, rather than inventingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Though homegrown inventions occurred, this habit was embedded in the English national trait. In light of this copy cat approach of the English, from the 17th to 18th century, English patents had increased drastically. Patents in this case are used as a proxy to represent the quantity of inventions/innovations. See fig. 2 p 154. In brief, English industry in the century from 1650 to 1750 can exhibit a variety of innovations, some of a radical nature in that they are represented injections of capital equipment which had the effect of raising productivity. Some involved a new use of power-driven machinery or opened up new possibilities therein, for example, in silk-throwing or cotton-spinning, some saw a replacement of one important input in the production process by another, for example, coal for charcoal, steam and atmospheric pressure for horse- or man power. The quote above taken from the economy of England 1450-1750 by D.C. Coleman, adequately sums up the importance and impact of the innovations taken place in England at the time. Pre-industrial England (Analysis) Why was the pre-industrial age the way it was? Or, how did it transform into the industrial revolution? I will seek to explain or find some bearings to answer these hard questions. My analysis will be confined to a few fundamental elements of capitalism: property rights, capital accumulation, profit motive, institutions, and level of technology and government intervention. It is known that low labor productivity, poor education, high fertility and mortality rates along with the dominance of physical over human capital plagued the pre-industrial period. The reverse is true when compared to modern societies, which is characterized by low fertility rates and extreme emphasize on human capital. What accounted for the spurts in population growth that forced the surplus labor to immigrate to the cities? With little education and sluggish technology there was roughly an average level of human capital. Earnings and benefit from investing in human capital were both low, and the typical agricultural laborer earned their maximum income at age 20.. Thus, parents would choose quantity as opposed to quality in child bearing; this sheds some light on the reasons population boom. High mortality rates also forced parents to reproduce at a high rate and began to prepare an army of labor that flourished during the industrial revolution. The number of patents issued (used as a proxy for capital accumulation) signals the rate of capital accumulation and developments in technology. Of course, these changes pale in comparison to modern standards but it laid a foundation that was essential to the industrial revolution. Reference was made in the overview regarding Britains culture of borrowing and improving, this also sought to cement the foundation of technological changes during this period. The pre-industrial mans desire for status and political accomplishment along with the desire to be favored by the crown, propelled the pre-industrial age. Granted, at a slow rate. This was mostly done through the conquering of new lands and meager changes (compared to modern standards) to productive activities. Imperfect markets were able to a limited extent however, to fuel the industrial mans profit motives. Nevertheless, this remains one of the few underlying elements of capitalism that never wavered or seems to fade. The pre-industrial age was preserved through the family structure, and the family structure was preserved through the ownership of lands. All the essential elements of capitalism were in existence and growing in every respect during this primitive age. True, it has evolved since, but that is not a demerit, rather, the reason why its able to survive all these years. At the heart of this period, the crown/state/government played a most vital role in industrial planning. Colonies were set up, trade agreements were made, and many accomplishments were made in the name of the crown. The crown was very much involved in Britains development. The states role and power had changed remarkably over the years, but we include it as an essential element of capitalism to illustrate the crucial role of government in jump starting an economy. Industrialization (750-1830) The industrial revolution was basically a fundamental change in the structure of Britains economy. It was the reallocation of resources away from agriculture. Britain being the first nation to become industrialized in the mid 18th century experienced rapid growth. These high growth rates would involve changes in every aspect of the economy. Britain rich iron, coal and reliable source of waterpower were essential to the industrial revolution. Colonies around the world supplied Britain with raw materials e.g. cotton and wheat and served as a market place for manufactured cloth. These colonies helped to stimulate the textile and iron industries, the wealth then generated by these two industries is what drove the industrial revolution. The steam engine was the greatest innovation of the industrial revolution because it became an instrument for applying basic innovations in many industries and transport. In the 1800s industries such as cotton spinning and iron was dependent on the steam engine. Landowning and farming wealth flowed to investment for improving land and transport while commercial wealth flowed to industry. Institutions created incentives and encourage innovation for entrepreneurs. The acceleration of industrial development was facilitated by the emergence of institutions such as financial systems, legal systems, and social institutions. Since the economy was growing at a steady pace, financial systems were needed to support this profound change: the established of the banking system in the 1690s. The banking system began to mobilize savings more widely after the 1750s. The bank of England, the London private bank and the country bankers made up the banking system. The problem with capital accumulation in the 18th century was one of establishing a tube by which capital could flow from the groups who were making the savings to those who really needed the credit. During the industrial revolution laws were enforced which required all land to be fenced at the expense of the owners. This caused many families to borrow from banks. Women and children made up 75% of the workers, this was because they were easily manipulated into accepting low wages which kept the cost of production low and profits high. Children were preferred since they had smaller hands; which was often needed to fit into parts of the machines. The laissez faire approach of the government allowed capitalism to flourish. There was little or no government regulations imposed upon factory policies. In the industrial ages the states role was basically to institutionalize social and economic forces and to provide security at home and abroad in which market forces would operate. Since they worked 18hrs per day they spent no real time together as a family, hence the industrial revolution contributed to the break down of the family unit. The living conditions were horrible because the cities became over crowded. Families lived in factory houses. These houses had no more than three to four rooms, more than one family then had to occupy a room. Other families who couldnt afford the rent of the factory houses lived in slums with little sanitation, as a result mortality rates were high (infant mortality rates were 50%) The legal system endorsed property rights and extended the concept of property to such assets as shares, bills of exchange, bank notes and patents. There was a pyramid concerned with land use. At the top there were the landowners, they comprised of temporal lords, gentlemen and freeholders (better sort and lesser). The lesser freeholders were the ones who owned and tilled their own land. They formed the middle class, the employing class who were the backbone of the agricultural economy. The others rented their land to the second group who where the land cultivators. These land cultivators formed a mixed group; which included small freeholders, owner-cultivators, the family-worked farm, the small holders and squatters. The third group, which was the base of the pyramid were the farm laborers; the proletariats. In the 18th century government began to intervene by implementing factory act, which aimed at securing the welfare of children. Industrial revolution Analysis This analysis will be based on the fundamental elements of capitalism: property rights, capital accumulation, profit motive, institutions, and level of technology and government intervention. It will answer why and how these elements changed/ developed during the industrial ages. Unlike the pre-industrial age capital accumulation wasnt as difficult. The emergence of foreign trade and the banking system made capital accumulation easier. Now the question is how and why these systems did emerge? Capital was accumulated through property ownership but also with the expansion of trade, that is: as trade increased, more money was demanded which was later provided for by gold and silver. The foundation of the bank of England in 1694 was part of a deal made between the government, (desperately short of finance in wartime) and the leading merchants and financers. Capital goods industries began to emerge mainly because of worldwide industrialization and the increased accumulation of capital through investment. This development led to mass production, and was responsible for the increase in British iron output during the 1830-1840 and continued to increase until the 1880s which also led to an increase in the employment of coalminers. The expansion of these industries changed most of the social problems that were present in the initial phase of industrialization: it gave unskilled workers better paid jobs, and improved working conditions which increased dramatically in the 1850s. The profit motive has been the driving force towards industrial capitalism. It encourages firms to operate more efficiently thus, promoting competition among rival firms. It served as the catalyst for production, distribution and consumption. Why did the level of technology change? Because of changing demand and the enlarged size of the markets promoted the development of new methods of production, often through innovation and adaptation of already existing technology. POST INDUSTRIALISATION The post industrialized period, is defined in this paper as that span of time in which Britains economy began to make the transition between what can be termed as Industrial Capitalism to Financial Capitalism. This simply means a decline in Britains manufacturing industry and growth of the financial sector. Why the manufacturing industry declined? To address this we need to consider many factors: the first important factor to is seen as the change in the power of the people that is the labor laws reforms and the electoral laws reforms. During the early and mid years of the industrialized period there was little power for the working class, they had no right to vote unless they owned property. They had no voice in the workplace, no way of expressing their displeasure and swift and harsh actions were taken against those who refused to obey the law.. Coming to the end of the industrial period and into the post, there were a number of reforms and acts introduced to change this fundamental problem within Britain. Firstly in 1871 trade unions were made legal, and they were allowed to strike. However it was not until 1875 that the legal act, Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act, was implemented to allow workers to peacefully strike at their place of work. But after terms of revolts in the working populace, into being came the Labor government party, and during their term (1906) they brought into being the Trade Disputes Act, which declared that unions could not be sued for damages done during a strike. In this respect, the power of the working class grew tremendously as compared to the earlier years of industrialization. But these Labor laws were not the only important reforms being made during this period to address the power of the people; in fact they went synonymously with the reforms being made to the electoral system. In the mid 18th century, The Great Reform Act (1832) gave vote to only male householders who held a certain amount of property. In time it was evident that this act was generally met with an outcry from the working population who paid taxes. This displeasure of the populace led to a Second Reform Act (1867) which allowed many of the working class men living in towns to cast a vote. However this system was still at fault because voting was done in the open and men were forced to stoop to pressures of their employers and landowners, that is- to vote in their interest. So upon recognition by the aforementioned, the labor government party introduce The Secret Ballot which allowed men to vote in seclusion, away from the pressures of their employers and land owners. But the second reform act was still deemed inadequate because it still failed to capture a decent proportion of the population, so came The Third Reform Act, in 1884. This new act now gave voting rights to adult male householders in Britain- which encompasses those living in the country areas. But with the exclusion of women, the system was still insufficient. After many womens rights movement there was a new act passed called the People Act of 1918 which gave voting rights to all men over the age of 21 and all women over the age of 30. This single act propelled the size of the electorate from 7.7 million to 21.8 million! This was not the end however, soon after the Equal Franchise Act of 1928 gave voting rights to all women over the age of 21 on the same terms the men had. And then finally, a new Representation of the People Act gave voting rights to everyone over the age of eighteen. The changes in the electoral and labor laws caused the emergence of a new phenomenon in Britain. The wants and demands of the people were now stronger and more politicians were more eager to meet them. Given the new found power of the populace, workers were now entitled to a larger share of the Gross Domestic Product (in future will be addressed as GDP). The general standard of living was now a principle that could no longer be ignored; the happiness of the entire Britains populace was now the centre focus of all politicians and no longer only the sole happiness of the entrepreneurs. As such some manufacturers found it unprofitable to keep on running when they can no longer access cheap labor, and governments found it necessary to implement many social safety nets to keep its populace happy. As stated before, addressing why the manufacturing industry declined we need to look at many factors, so far the populaces power has been addressed. The next important issue that needs attention is that of world trade. The British economy at the beginning of the industrialized period was well noted for some of the greatest inventions in the world. They were at one point in time even addressed as the workshop of the world. This advantage Britain had over the world market stemmed from their great inventions, namely; the stream engine, the railway train, the coke burning blast furnace, the power loom, the spinning jenny and the water frame. In time, the increasing globalization that took place in the latter years of the industrialized period caused her to lose this advantage. Aero planes and motorcars were made by the French, German and American inventors, thus, the comparative advantage Britain held significantly declined in the later years of its industrialized period. In the early years of industrialization Britain had rich coal and iron ore near the surface, but by the mid 19th century all the cheaply accumulated coal and iron were gone. Although there were deeper reserves, the advantage of the resource endowment significantly decreased. That being said, the British population growth began to significantly slow down in the late 19th century at that critical time when the American population began to grow rapidly. The power of British rivals increased rapidly, via their population growth and innovations as such Britains power in the world market was proportionately reduced and their manufacturing industries were left behind. . Britain was deemed as lucky to procure investors within its economy to help propel it during its industrial ages. Heading steep into the 20th century it was evident that an agglomeration of capital was invested in foreign industries, since the British investors saw it as more profitable to establish business overseas. It was a good investment for the British entrepreneurs but it also helped develop industries abroad, those industries to rival that of Britains. The invention of the railway and the telegraph system in the mid 19th century encouraged banks to expand and establish branches distances away from the main offices. Many people lost money when they invested into small banks, so government regulations were introduced to make it easier for larger banking groups to be formed. There was security in any particularly large bank. In mid 19th century The Bank Charter Act was introduced in order to reassure customers that their dollar invested in the bank was equivalent to gold sovereigns. This particular regulation had an enormous effect on bankers everywhere, the bigger banks became even more secure than the smaller ones, and as such mergers became ultimately inevitable. The Midland bank was a small bank founded in 1836 by Charles Greach. But by the late 20th century there were 200 branches of the Midland Bank stationed in London alone. It was clear; mergers were now a common thing within Britains financial industry. Britains financial sector continued to grow until it became a landmark within it one of the largest and richest cities in the world London. Britain had developed other major financial institutions such as the London Stock Exchange and The Commodity Market. This city had become known as the center of the worlds finances. Britains current account deficit at the time would have led to a crisis but the foreign investments Britain had secured were more than enough to cancel out the trade deficit. It is common knowledge that Britain had fought two world wars and surprisingly enough these foreign investments helped finance the wars. Britain had run up massive debt during the First World War, particularly with the United States of America, she had claimed to borrow an estimate of  £959 million. This was not the end however; even with the great lost in wealth (approximately a quarter of Britains wealth was lost) there was an introduction of liberal economic policies, which pushed Britains economy further down with slow growth rates and high unemployment. The national debt had increased 11 times what it used to be. Britain also had a streak of bad debts as she could not have expected repayment from loans given to Russia because of the communist takeover, nor could she expect the loans she lent to France because of the war damages France had incurred. To manage her empire Britain decided to implement her Ten Year Rule, it stated that she did not expect to fight another war for at least ten years. As such there were major defense budget cuts to make up for the debt owed. This impact as would be expected further restricted Britains foreign policies. So the impact of the First World War significantly influenced and restricted Britains empire. Continuing into the early 20th century, Britain felt the wraith of the American economy In the 1930s Britain experienced unemployment of 22.8%, but then a decrease to 13.9% in 1936 to 10% in 1938. But also, Traditional industries such as textiles and coal mining were severely affected by the depression. So it was evident that there was even further decline in the manufacturing sector during this period. There was also deflation in the economy at the 1930s as prices for food and rent fell by approximately 15%. Into the Second World War Britain plummeted, and it emerged in greater financial upheaval. It lost about an average of 12% of its productive capacity. By the 1940s British exports were in a decline by 35% as compared to 1935. Britain had almost exhausted its gold and dollar reserves on ammunitions, raw materials and some industrial equipment. Britain had even borrowed a further $31.4 billion dollars from the United States, as it was estimated near bankruptcy. So after the Second World War, Britain had lost support from the United States lend lease program, which was said to be the life support of Britain at that time. Now with its huge lost in wealth the two world wars began to take its toll on Britain. So after supporting Britain in the wars, countries demanded their independence, and decolonization started with Indias independence in 1947. Britain was also losing its old markets as commonwealth agreements were made to only do regional trade with local and regional entities. It is here Britain took a strong structural change from the manufacturing industry towards the services industry, in this regard many industrialized parts of Britain was left in a steady state. There were then packages with the intent of nationalization, as government tried to take hold of the economy. Devaluation of the pound was made, Britains economy still experienced low growth rates, and the new Labor government was unable to solve the problem. In came the famous Margaret Thatcher who implemented many economic reforms, leading to deregulation and privatization of major industries. Competition policy was the forefront of her ideology which replaced that of industrial policy. This resulted in high unemployment rates, but subsequently led to significant increases in growth rates. The British economy continued to experience rapid growth straight into the 1990s, with the exception for the recession experienced in the early quarters of the 1990s. Advances in technology continued to help the British economy and the conservatives kept rule until 1997, when they were taken over by Tony Blairs labor party. Blair introduced policies to reduce unemployment, gave power to the Bank of England to set interest rates and then introduced the minimum wage in Britain. But the Blair government decided to stick with the spending plans of the conservatives, and the economy kept on moving. Heading into the 21st century, the labor party increased taxes and borrowing, utilizing the money for public services. The growth rates in this era were kept constant, but the pound value fluctuated. The Britain kingdom was fairly well off, during the 21st century until it experienced the 2008 great recession, which was deemed as the worst recession since the Second World War. POST INDUSTRIALIZATION ANALYSIS As stated in the beginning, this period is defined as that in which Britains economy made a transition from a manufacturing based system to a financial based system. The aim of our paper is to understand how capitalism changed (transitioned) from the previous periods into this one. We have noted that this change in Britains economy was not the result of one particular factor; it was the agglomeration of many important fragments. It had begun with the simultaneous changes in the populace, capital accumulation and world trade. But it was more so propelled by the impacts of the two world wars and the many changes that stemmed from them. As compared to the previous two periods it was realized that the people of Britain had no say in any decisions being made for the country unless they had some significant amount of capital. Due to many constitutional reforms by the state this defining phenomenon of the populace had changed. The force behind these reforms came from pressures behind new founded labor institutions such as the trade unions. The need of these institutions, however, had originally stemmed from the pressure the industrialized period placed on its laborers. The world trade had laid upon Britain an enchantment of the profit motive. But guided by policy systems and development of financial institutions the profit motive inhibited growth in Britains domestic investment. This restriction led to a gradual decrease in Britains comparative advantage in the industrial world market. But although the profit motive had caused Britain to eventually export more than they import, it had changed Britains national accounting figures. So the profit motive had transformed Britains economy as it became more dependent on increases in invisible trade and not so much on the production and exports of goods. Capital accumulation and the profit motive however were not the sole signatories to the reforms in Britain, its necessary to make mention of the impact of technology on the system. At the beginning of the industrial period Britain had the advantage because they had the best technology in the world. But this did not stay as such, since given time, the major inventions in the world were not British. Some argue this was because technology booms are random and usually are only directly affected by significant investments in research and development. Britain had fought two world wars and it had emerged victorious but not without its economical burdens. After the first world war Britain had to restrict is international polices as it incurred major national debt. But after the Second World War, Britain was hanging on to America to keep functioning. It had lost nations due to demand for decolonization, and it lost world markets due to new trade restrictions from Caribbean countries. The promotion of deregulation, privatization, and competition polices let to a recovery of the economy. Monetary policies were transformed- allowing the Bank of England to set interest rates. These changes promoted massive growth of the British economy and the recovery of the system. It is also during this time frame that the government made decisions that define post industrialization today. The government set their famous safety nets in this period. They set: minimum wages, increase taxes and increase their public services. These safety nets are what vastly distinguish this period from previous ones, in the two previous ages there was no concern for the well being of the British populace as compared to the post industrial age. Britains Development via Industrialization A Critical Analysis As outlined in the heart of this paper Britain had traveled through three periods each leading successfully to the next. The paper seeks to illustrate how essential the fundamental elements of capitalism are to a nations development. It identifies the uniqueness of capitalism and its resilience in light of contradictory forces. There had been fierce debate over the roles of government and the effectiveness/fairness of protectionist policies in national development. Contrary to modern literature and advocates for free trade, Britains advantage in the industrial period (protection of infant industries) was maintained by strong protectionist measures and governments hand at each door step of the economy, (from the 17th to 18th centuries). The philosophy/ideology of mercantilism reigned for at least a hundred years: the belief that the source of a nations wealth is through the barring of imports whilst boosting exports. This gave Britains industries an advantage of a hundred years. Sectors were able to develop, change and learn from their mistakes. Most importantly, they were able to become efficient and specialist within their fie